Alanya :
Turkish pronunciation: [aˈɫanja]), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city, a municipality and district of Antalya Province, Turkey.
It is on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country's Mediterranean Region, 133 kilometres (83 mi) east of the city of Antalya.
Its area is 1,577 km2, and its population is 364,180 (2022). The city proper has 189,222 inhabitants (2022).
Because of its natural strategic position on a small peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea below the Taurus Mountains,
Alanya has been a local stronghold for many Mediterranean-based empires, including the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Roman, Byzantine,
and Ottoman Empires. Alanya's greatest political importance came in the Middle Ages, with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under the rule of Alaeddin Kayqubad I,
from whom the city derives its name. His building campaign resulted in many of the city's landmarks, such as the Kızıl Kule (Red Tower), Tersane (Shipyard),
and Alanya Castle.
The Mediterranean climate, natural attractions, and historic heritage make Alanya a popular destination for tourism, and responsible for nine percent of
Turkey's tourism sector and thirty percent of foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey. Tourism has risen since 1958 to become the dominant industry in the city,
resulting in a corresponding increase in city population. Warm-weather sporting events and cultural festivals take place annually in Alanya.
In 2014 Mayor Adem Murat Yücel, of the Nationalist Movement Party unseated Hasan Sipahioğlu, of the Justice and Development Party,
who had previously led the city since 1999. Adem Murat Yücel continues his duty as the Mayor of Alanya Municipality.
The city has changed hands many times over the centuries, and its name has reflected this. Alanya was known in Latin as Coracesium or in Greek as Korakesion
(Ancient Greek: Κορακήσιον) from the Luwian Korakassa meaning "point/protruding city".
The Roman Catholic Church still recognizes the Latin name as a titular see in its hierarchy.
Under the Byzantine Empire it became known as Kalonoros or Kalon Oros, meaning "beautiful/fine mountain" in Greek.
The Seljuks renamed the city Alaiye (علائیه), a derivative of the Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I's name.
In the 13th and 14th centuries, Italian traders called the city Candelore or Cardelloro.
In his 1935 visit, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk finalized the name in the new alphabet as Alanya, changing the 'i' and 'e' in Alaiye,
reportedly because of a misspelled telegram in 1933
Finds in the nearby Karain Cave indicate occupation during the Paleolithic era as far back as 20,000 BC,
and archeological evidence shows a port existed at Syedra, south of the modern city, during the Bronze Age around 3,000 BC.
A Phoenician language tablet found in the district dates to 625 BC, and the city is specifically mentioned in the 4th-century BC Greek geography manuscript,
the periplus of Pseudo-Scylax.[12] The castle rock was likely inhabited under the Hittites and the Achaemenid Empire, and was first fortified in
the Hellenistic period following the area's conquest by Alexander the Great.
Alexander's successors left the area to one of the competing Macedonian generals, Ptolemy I Soter, after Alexander's death in 323 BC.
His dynasty maintained loose control over the mainly Isaurian population, and the port became a popular refuge for Mediterranean pirates.
The city resisted Antiochus III the Great of the neighboring Seleucid kingdom in 199 BC, but was loyal to the pirate Diodotus
Tryphon when he seized the Seleucid crown from 142 to 138 BC. His rival Antiochus VII Sidetes completed work in 137 BC on a new castle and port,
begun under Diodotus.
The Roman Republic fought Cilician pirates in 102 BC, when Marcus Antonius the Orator established a proconsulship in nearby Side,
and in 78 BC under Servilius Vatia, who moved to control the Isaurian tribes.
The period of piracy in Alanya finally ended after the city's incorporation into the Pamphylia province by Pompey in 67 BC, with the Battle of Korakesion
fought in the city's harbor.
In Strabo's reckoning, Coracesium marked the boundary between ancient Pamphylia and Cilicia (Cilicia Trachaea, in particular)
though other ancient authors placed the boundary elsewhere.
Isaurian banditry remained an issue under the Romans, and the tribes revolted in the fourth and fifth centuries AD, with the largest rebellion being from 404 to 408.
With the spread of Christianity Coracesium, as it was called, became a bishopric. Its bishop Theodulus took part in the First Council of Constantinople in 381,
Matidianus in the Council of Ephesus in 431, Obrimus in the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and Nicephorus (Nicetas) in the Third Council of Constantinople in 680.
Coracesium was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Side, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima, to which Coracesium belonged.
It continued to be mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum as late as the 12th or 13th century.
No longer a residential bishopric, Coracesium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.
Islam arrived in the 7th century with Arab raids, which led to the construction of new fortifications.
The area fell from Byzantine control after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 to tribes of Seljuk Turks, only to be returned in 1120 by John II Komnenos.
Following the Fourth Crusade's attack on the Byzantines, the Christian Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia periodically held the port, and it was from an Armenian,
Kir Fard, that the Turks took lasting control in 1221 when the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I captured it,
assigning the former ruler, whose daughter he married, to the governance of the city of Akşehir. Seljuk rule saw the golden age of the city,
and it can be considered the winter capital of their empire. Building projects, including the twin citadel, city walls, arsenal, and Kızıl Kule,
made it an important seaport for western Mediterranean trade, particularly with Ayyubid Egypt and the Italian city-states.
Alaeddin Kayqubad I also constructed numerous gardens and pavilions outside the walls, and many of his works can still be found in the city.
These were likely financed by his own treasury and by the local emirs, and constructed by the contractor Abu 'Ali al-Kattani al-Halabi.
Alaeddin Kayqubad I's son, Sultan Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II, continued the building campaign with a new cistern in 1240.
At the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongol hordes broke the Seljuk hegemony in Anatolia. Alanya was then subject to a series of invasions from Anatolian beyliks.
Lusignans from Cyprus briefly overturned the then ruling Hamidid dynasty in 1371.
The Karamanids sold the city in 1427 for 5,000 gold coins to the Mamluks of Egypt for a period before General Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1471 incorporated
it into the growing Ottoman Empire. The city was made a capital of a local sanjak in the eyalet of Içel. The Ottomans extended their rule in 1477
when they brought the main shipping trade, lumber, then mostly done by Venetians, under the government monopoly.
On September 6, 1608, the city rebuffed a naval attack by the Order of Saint Stephen from the Duchy of Florence.
A panoramic view from Karaalioğlu Park with Historic Hıdırlık Tower.
Trade in the region was negatively impacted by the development of an oceanic route from Europe around Africa to India, and in the tax registers
of the late sixteenth century, Alanya failed to qualify as an urban center.In 1571 the Ottomans designated the city as part of the newly
conquered province of Cyprus. The conquest further diminished the economic importance of Alanya's port. Traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the
city in 1671/1672, and wrote on the preservation of Alanya Castle, but also on the dilapidation of Alanya's suburbs. The city was reassigned
in 1864 under Konya, and in 1868 under Antalya, as it is today. During the 18th and 19th centuries numerous villas were built in the city by Ottoman nobility,
and civil construction continued under the local dynastic Karamanid authorities.
Bandits again became common across Antalya Province in the mid-nineteenth century.
After World War I, Alanya was nominally partitioned in the 1917 Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne to Italy,
before returning to the Turkish Republic in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne.[33] Like others in this region, the city suffered heavily following the war
and the population exchanges that heralded the Turkish Republic, when many of the city's Christians resettled in Nea Ionia, outside Athens.
The Ottoman census of 1893 listed the number of Greeks in the city at 964 out of a total population of 37,914.
Tourism in the region started among Turks who came to Alanya in the 1960s for the alleged healing properties of Damlataş Cave,
and later the access provided by Antalya Airport in 1998 allowed the town to grow into an international resort.
Strong population growth through the 1990s was a result of immigration to the city, and has driven a rapid modernization of the infrastructure.
Alanya
Located on the Gulf of Antalya on the Anatolian coastal plain of Pamphylia, the town is situated between the Taurus Mountains to the north and
the Mediterranean Sea, and is part of the Turkish Riviera, occupying roughly 70 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline.
From west to east, the Alanya district is bordered by the Manavgat district along the coast, the mountainous Gündoğmuş inland,
Hadim and Taşkent in the Province of Konya, Sarıveliler in the Province of Karaman, and the coastal Gazipaşa district.
Manavgat is home to the ancient cities of Side and Selge. East of the city, the Dim River flows from the mountains in Konya on a south-west
route into the Mediterranean.
The Pamphylia plain between the sea and the mountains is an isolated example of an Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forest,
which include Lebanon Cedar, evergreen scrub, fig trees, and black pine. The Alanya Massif refers to the area of metamorphic rocks east of Antalya.
This formation is divided into three nappes from lowest to highest, the Mahmutlar, the Sugözü, and the Yumrudağ.
The similar lithology extends beneath the city in a tectonic window.
Bauxite, an aluminum ore, is common to the area north of city, and can be mined.
The town is divided east–west by a rocky peninsula, which is the distinctive feature of the city.
The harbor, city center, and Keykubat Beach, named after the Sultan Kayqubad I, are on the east side of the peninsula. Damlataş Beach,
named for the famous "dripping caves", and Kleopatra Beach are to the west. The name "Cleopatra" possibly derives from either the Ptolemaic princess'
visit here or the area's inclusion in her dowry to Mark Antony. Atatürk Bulvarı, the main boulevard, runs parallel to the sea, and divides the southern,
much more touristic side of Alanya from the northern, more indigenous side that extends north into the mountains. Çevre Yolu Caddesi, another major road,
encircles the main town to the north.
Since the first modern motel was built in 1958, considered the first year of the tourist industry in Alanya,
hotels have raced to accommodate the influx of tourists, and the city as of 2007 claims 157,000 hotel beds.
Damlataş Cave, which originally sparked the arrival of outsiders because of the cave's microclimate,
with an average temperature of 72 °F (22 °C) and 95% humidity, is accessible on the west side of the peninsula with trails from Damlataş Beach.
Many tourists, especially Scandinavians, Germans, Russians, and Dutch, regularly vacation in Alanya during the warmer months.
They are drawn to the area because of property prices, warm weather, sandy beaches, access to Antalya's historic sites, and fine cuisine.
Other outdoor tourist activities include wind surfing, parasailing, and banana boating.
Attractions include Europe's largest waterpark, Sealanya, and Turkey's largest go-kart track.
Hunting season also attracts some tourist for wild goat, pig and partridge hunting in area nature reserves.
Alanya has a typical hot-summer Mediterranean climate
(Köppen: Csa), or a humid subtropical climate (Trewartha climate classification: Cs).
Located at the Mediterranean Basin, the subtropical high pressure zone ensures that most rain comes during the winter, leaving the summers long, hot,
and dry, prompting the Alanya board of Tourism to use the slogan "where the sun smiles".
Storm cells sometimes bring with them fair weather waterspouts when close to the shore.
The presence of the Taurus Mountain in close proximity to the sea causes fog, in turn creating visible rainbows many mornings.
The height of the mountains creates an interesting effect as snow can often be seen on them even on hot days in the city below.
The sea at Alanya has an average temperature of 21.4 °C (71 °F) annually, with an average August temperature of 28 °C (82 °F).
On the peninsula stands Alanya Castle, a Seljuk era citadel dating from 1226.
Most major landmarks in the city are found inside and around the castle. The current castle was built over existing fortifications and served
the double purpose of a palace of local government and as a defensive structure in case of attack.
In 2007, the city began renovating various sections of the castle area, including adapting a Byzantine church for use as a Christian community center.
Inside the castle is the Süleymaniye mosque and caravanserai, built by Suleiman the Magnificent.
The old city walls surround much of the eastern peninsula, and can be walked. Inside the walls are numerous historic villas,
well preserved examples of the classical period of Ottoman architecture, most built in the early 19th century
The Kızıl Kule (Red Tower)
is a 108-foot (33 m) high brick building, standing at the harbor below the castle,
and containing the municipal ethnographic museum. Sultan Kayqubad I brought the architect Ebu Ali from Aleppo, Syria to Alanya to design the building.
The last of Alanya Castle's 83 towers, the octagonal structure specifically protected the Tersane (dockyard),
it remains one of the finest examples of medieval military architecture.
The Tersane, a medieval drydock built by the Seljuk Turks in 1221, 187 by 131 feet (57 by 40 m), is divided into five vaulted bays with
equilateral pointed arches.
The Alara Castle and caravanserai near Manavgat, also built under Kayqubad's authority, has been converted into a
museum and heritage center.
Atatürk's House and Museum, from his short stay in the city on February 18, 1935, is preserved in its historic state and is an example of the interior
of a traditional Ottoman villa, with artifacts from the 1930s. The house was built between 1880 and 1885 in the "karniyarik" (stuffed eggplant) style.
Bright colors and red roofs are often mandated by neighborhood councils, and give the modern town a pastel glow. Housed in a 1967 Republican era building,
The Alanya Museum is inland from Damlataş Beach.
Alanya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.
In 2009, city officials filed to include Alanya Castle and Tersane as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and were named to the 2009 Tentative List.
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Antalya Airport Transfer To Antalya City, lara , kundu
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